PIO (Programmed Input/Output)
PIO is Programmed I/O.
PIO is the oldest method is transferring memory over a IDE/ATA interface. The technique of a PIO involves using the CPU and support hardware to control the transfer of memory between the system itself and the hard drive. The speed of the PIO is called a PIO Mode. It starts at Mode 0 and increases with each mode having a faster cycle rate in nanoseconds. So, quite obviously, higher modes are better due to the fact that memory can be transferred so much faster due to increased Cycle Rates and Maximum Transfer Rates.
Support for PIO modes is built directly into system BIOS, meaning drivers are not necessary for them. The simplicity of design of PIO’s made them the most commonly used method of transferring memory for many years. It’s wide support and stability were satisfactory until Ultra DMA appeared, basically wiping out the usage of PIO.
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- SDIO (Secure Digital Input/Output)
The Secure Digital Input/Output card standard expands upon the original Secure Digital card standard, extending the functionality of many devices with SD card slots. The Secure Digital Input/Output card standard is based on the Secure Digital standard. The SD flash memory format was designed purely for portable storage; many cell phones, cameras, GPS receivers and [...]...
- BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
BIOS or Basic Input/Output System is the first program that the processor accesses during start up to ensure that all the other basic programs, hard drives, ports, peripherals, and the central processing unit are in good working condition. BIOS is different from the computer’s operating system. The operating system is inside the hard drive and [...]...
- File Input/Output
In C++, file input/output services are implemented through a component header file available C++ standard library. This header file is fstream.h . In C++, a file, at its lowest level, is interpreted simply as a sequence, or stream, of bytes. One aspect of the file I/O library manages the transfer of these bytes. At this [...]...
- SDR SDRAM
SDR SDRAM is Single Data Rate SDRAM. SDR SDRAM is the original SDRAM standard, which has since been replaced by DDR SDRAM. DDR SDRAM doubles the bandwidth of SDR DRAM by transferring data twice per cycle on both edges of the clock signal, implementing burst mode data transfer. Standard SDR SDRAM DIMMs SDR SDRAM is [...]...
- DMA (Direct Memory Access)
DMA stands for Direct Memory Access, a capability in modern computers that allows peripheral devices to send data to the motherboard’s memory without intervention from the CPU. The DMA controllers are special hardware – now embedded into the chip in modern integrated processors – that manage the data transfers and arbitrate access to the system [...]...