Smart Card Readers are also known as card programmers (because they can write to a card), card terminals, card acceptance device (CAD), or an interface device (IFD). There is a slight difference between the card reader and the terminal. The term ‘reader’ is generally used to describe a unit that interfaces with a PC for …
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) is a system procedure that offers centralized entrance, approval, as well as accounting administration for individuals or computers to add and utilize a network service. Individuals often need “Authentication” when they try to fix to a network. People have to face far more problems while connecting their computers …
A common problem that arises for computer users is dealing with the USB Device not recognized error. This error is thrown after an electronic device is connected to the computer or USB hub but is not automatically detected. When the error occurs, the Windows Device Manager may also list the component as an “unknown device” …
A High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) signal is sent through an HDMI cable. It is designed to be used with extra high resolution video feeds coming from DVD, Bluray, etc., which are then routed to a compatible viewing screen such as a television or computer monitor. HDMI cables are capable of different speeds based on …
A race condition occurs when multiple processes access and manipulate the same data concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. A race condition is of interest to a hacker when the race condition can be utilized to gain privileged system access. Consider the following …
A network router is a network device with interfaces in multiple networks whose task is to copy packets from one network to another. Routers operate at Layer 3 of the OSI Model, the Network Layer. This is in contrast to switches, which operate at Layer 2 of the OSI Model, the Data-Link Layer. A network …
One of the basic questions regarding the earth is, how fast does it spin? The earth is constantly spinning; it spins around its axis. An axis in this case is an imaginary line running through the center of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. To calculate how fast the earth spins, …
BNC BNC, which stands for Bayonet Neill-Concelman, is a type of RF connector used for terminating coaxial cable. BNC connectors are used in a variety of consumer electronics, including radios, video devices and certain Ethernet networks. VGA VGA, which stands for Video Graphics Array, is a piece of display hardware. The VGA hardware is a …
Jitter is a variation or dislocation in the pulses of a digital transmission; it may be thought of, in a way, as irregular pulses. Jitter can manifest through variations in amplitude, signal strength, and other elements of such waves. The usual causes include connection timeouts, connection time lags, data traffic congestion, and interference. Simply put, …
A prepaid cell phone is one that allows users to pay in advance for their service without the commitment and penalties of a long term contract. While contract plans are still the most popular form of mobile phone service, prepaid cell phones have become very popular in recent years and have grown in use amidst …