A race condition occurs when multiple processes access and manipulate the same data concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. A race condition is of interest to a hacker when the race condition can be utilized to gain privileged system access. Consider the following …
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a collection of software programs and data modules that forms part of the Java and Java 2 platforms. JVM works across all platforms and it alters Java bytecode into machine understandable code and executes it. It acts as a clone of a Java processor allowing Java bytecode to be …
A breadth first search traversal method, visits all the successors of a visited node before visiting any successor of any of its child nodes. This is a contradiction to depth first traversal method; which visits the successor of a visited node before visiting any of its brothers, i.e., children of the same parent. A depth …
Now that we have understood how to convert basic data types to class types and vice-versa, it is time to learn how to convert objects of one class type to another class type. The conversion between objects of different classes can be done using either a one-argument constructor or a conversion function. The choice depends …
Data types in the Java programming language are basically divided into two groups – primitive data types and object references. A primitive data type is a basic building block and has full built-in support. Many other languages also support composite data types, which are build on a combination of primitive data types and may or …
JavaScript is the most widely used client-side scripting language. Almost all websites these days make use of JavaScript directly or via 3rd-party frameworks like JQuery, Prototype, Bootstrap, MooTools, YahooGUI, etc. JavaScript is mostly used for advance web functionality like validations, animation, Ajax-based calling, making flexible interfaces, etc. Therefore, it is important to make sure that …
A DFS algorithm, as the name implies, is used to search deeper in the graph, whenever possible. The edges are explored, out of the most recently discovered vertex v that still has unexplored edges leaving it. When all of v's edges have been explored, the search backtracks to explore edges leaving the vertex from which …
Java supports three types of loops: For, While, and Do. The Java For Loop The Java for loop is a looping construct which continually executes a block of statements over range of values. Java for Loop Syntax The syntax of a for loop in Java is: for (initialization; termination; increment) { statement } Example Java …
Flashdata is a functionality in the CodeIgniter framework that lets you make required data available for the next server request. It makes use of session, but unlike normal session behavior, the passed data is available only for the next server request and is automatically cleared thereafter. Therefore, Flashdata can be very useful in displaying notifications …
Computers are deterministic and are therefore predictable. Computers cannot, in and of themselves, generate truly random numbers. In the absence of outside input, computers can only create pseudo-random numbers. In the words of John Von Neumann, “Anyone attempting to produce random numbers by purely arithmetic means is, of course, in a state of sin.” A …