Physical Layer
The Physical Layer is the lowest layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model of computer networking and is used to transfer electrical signals that represent data from one place to another. While the Physical Layer does not represent data itself, it does provide a means for that data to move. Essentially, the Physical Layer represents the hardware of a computer network and consists of everything from the circuit boards and wires to the storage devices and media readers.
How The Physical Layer Works
The Physical Layer consists of different types of metal, plastic, and glass that are assembled in a way that allows electricity, light, and other forms of energy to be transferred from one location to another. Although the Data Link Layer, Network Layer, and Transport Layer are responsible for encoding data, the Physical Layer is responsible for transferring the data to where it needs to go. When a computer has encoded data that needs to be sent to another device, it uses the Physical Layer to transfer electrical signals or wireless radio waves to that device by either induction (a signal jumps from one wire to another) or propagation (a signal expands in all directions).
Applications
The Physical Layer is one of the most commonly used layers in the OSI Model and can be seen by the user at all times. Every wire, circuit board, modem, router, flash drive, hard drive, monitor, or antenna that a user interacts with while using a computer is a part of the Physical Layer.
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- Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer is layer two of the OSI model. It resides above the Physical Layer and below the Network Layer. The Data Link Layer is responsible for communications between adjacent network nodes. Hubs and switches operate at the Data Link Layer. The Data Link Layer is logically divided into two sub-layers: The Media [...]...
- Session Layer
The Session Layer is Layer 5 of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model of computer networking. The Session Layer is directly after the Transport Layer and before the Presentation Layer, allowing it to interact with applications as well as network components. The Session Layer is responsible for opening, maintaining, and closing all sessions between multiple [...]...
- Application Layer
The application layer of a software is a protocol that is used for communication between a software and the network layers that it uses. The application layer allows a computer’s network to interpret requests made by the program and allows the program to interpret data from the network. Likewise, the application layer ensures that both [...]...
- Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is one of seven layers of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnections) Model and is found between the application layer and the session layer. The presentation layer is commonly used for encryption and decryption as well as the conversion of file formats. The presentation layer is considered the last layer in which data [...]...
- Transport Layer
The transport layer is the fourth layer of the OSI Model and exists between the Session Layer and Network Layer. The transport layer is used to actually transfer data from one application to another and can be used to stream data from one device to another. The most popular transport layer, the Transmission Control Protocol, [...]...
what is the diffrence between upper 4 layers and lower 3 layers of osi model?
eg: upper 4 layers use peer to peer connection and lower layes used conection-oriented why?
That is definitely not a difference between the upper four layers and the lower three layers.
The lower three layers are the media layers; the upper four layers are the host layers. In theory, this means that the lower three layers have more to do with the network and the upper four layers have more to do with the host. However, this distinction is purely arbitrary.
Yes you absolutely correct
can any one say how actually a data is transmitted from one layer to another between two hosts
TRANSMITION OCCUR ONLY THE LAYER IS CONNECTED
what is difference b/w mac sub layer and llc sub layer
how can a physical layer be briefly explained???
I have an assigment to submit very soon and it ask to make a case for adding another layer to the OSI model. In your response, state why this layer may be necessary.