PKZip utilizes a proprietary stream cipher that is vulnerable to a known plaintext attack, as Eli Biham and Paul C. Kocher describes in A Known Plaintext Attack on the PKZIP Stream Cipher. In ZIP Attacks with Reduced Known-Plaintext, Michael Stay describes an improved known plaintext attack that works against files that non-PKZip zip programs such …
SHA stands for Secure Hash Algorithm. It consists of five hash functions designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The five algorithms are SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512. SHA-1 is the most commonly used of the SHA series. Hash algorithms are called secure …
Email spoofing occurs when an email is sent from one person or program that makes it appear as though it is legitimately from another. For example, user1@youremail.com creates an email, but when it is sent the “From” field has another person/organization’s email address such as fake@somecompany.com. When the person who receives the email clicks the …
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is typically used by companies, schools, and other organizations when they want to allow remote access to their servers, printers, and other network devices without compromising security. A VPN therefore extends a private network across the internet, but protects this connection by encrypting it, thereby creating what many refer to …
Tor is a program that is able to hide the user’s online activities from third parties and prevent websites from seeing where the user is browsing from by rerouting the user’s sent and recieved data through the Tor Network. The Tor Network is made up of hundreds of volunteers from around the world that specifically …
The XOR encryption is a simple symmetric cipher that is used in many applications where security is not a defined requirement. The XOR Operator XOR (Exclusive OR) is a bitwise operator from binary mathematics. The six bitwise operators, as defined in the C programming language, are: Operation Symbol AND & Inclusive OR | Exclusive OR …
If you installed Yahoo! Search Companion on your machine, this Internet browser add-on can allow you to conveniently access your bookmarked sites since it organizes the web pages. The Yahoo! Search Companion can also enhance your Internet browser by enabling it to provide you with a means to be capable of creating custom buttons. Apart …
DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a commonly used method for encrypting data using a secret or private key. The strength of the DES encryption standard was previously considered to be strong enough that the United States government placed restrictions on the export of the technology to other countries. Conceptually, there are more than 72 quadrillion …
A chosen plaintext attack is an attack where the cryptanalyst is able to define his own plaintext, feed it into the cipher, and analyze the resulting ciphertext. Mounting a chosen plaintext attack requires the cryptanalyst to be able to send data of his choice into the device which is doing the encryption, and it requires …
Yahoo password recovery methods include: Reset your Yahoo password online Recover your Yahoo password from your web browser Recover your stored password from the Windows Registry Reset your Yahoo password The easiest way to recover a Yahoo password is to go to the Yahoo! Sign-in Problems page. To use this page, first enter your Date …