Intersymbol interference is a signal distortion in telecommunication. One or more symbols can interfere with other symbols causing noise or a less reliable signal. The main causes of intersymbol interference are multipath propagation or non-linear frequency in channels. This has the effect of a blur or mixture of symbols, which can reduce signal clarity. If …
Redundant Topology A Local Area Network may consist of more than one segment. Each segment of the LAN connected through a separate physical device mostly switch. Switches use their uplink ports to connect different segments. The LAN administrator can connect the switches with each other through more than one uplink port using redundant topology. Redundant …
The Session Layer is Layer 5 of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model of computer networking. The Session Layer is directly after the Transport Layer and before the Presentation Layer, allowing it to interact with applications as well as network components. The Session Layer is responsible for opening, maintaining, and closing all sessions between multiple …
ZigBee is a wireless protocol that was developed as an International standard to enable wireless, machine to machine communication, and networks. It is considered the catalyst for constructing “Smart” enabled buildings and homes since it is based on reliable network communications, a pro-longed battery life, and can be simply operated. The ZigBee Alliance is the …
802.1x is an IEEE standard that provides the definition for the encapsulation of EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) and is also known as EAPOL (EAP over LAN). The standard was first defined in 2001 and later clarified in 2004 to be used with other IEEE 802 working group defined technologies such as the 802.11 wireless standard. …
Most networks currently run on hardware-based routers from vendors like Cisco, Foundry, and Juniper. Computing power has advanced to the point where this is not necessary. General purpose computing platforms can replace these expensive dedicated hardware routers. These software routing platforms usually run on some version of free or inexpensive Unix. These are a few …
Westell is a provider of DSL routers and other DSL-based devices that telephone companies and DSL subscribers use for wireless Internet in homes or offices, instead of using cable or satellite Internet. Westell products generally have the same features as other routers, such as dual antennas, four Ethernet ports, and WPA encryption, but connect to …
What is a Wireless Router? A wireless router is a device that wirelessly connects multiple computers and devices to the Internet. Wireless routers’ design and capabilities vary and they drastically range in price, but are used for the same function. Wireless routers are usually very easy to setup and many provide the user with built-in …
IPX/SPX is a protocol suite that is implemented on many corporate internetworks. IPX/SPX was developed to operate in Novell Netware in LAN environment. But today, the IPX/SPX is also used in Microsoft NT, Microsoft XP and Lotus Notes environment along with Vista. IPX/SPX on Cisco IOS The Cisco IOS also provides a wide range of …
An Ethernet or network isolator is a type of galvanic isolator used in copper-based Ethernet systems. It protects devices and users from possible differences in ground potentials of the voltages in two or more different circuits or circuit components. Ethernet isolators depend on electromagnetic induction to bridge a physical isolation gap within Ethernet systems and …